![]() ![]() Wicked problems here emerge as the product of an ontologically distinct and describable type of system that blends dynamical and organizational complexity. This permits us, in a new way, to outline an inner anatomy of the motley collection of system types that we tend to call “complex”. We here aim to reduce this confusion by developing a meta-ontological map of types of systems that have the potential to “overwhelm us”: characteristic types of problems, attributions of function, manners of design and governance, and generating and maintaining processes and phenomena. The new categories that are thereby introduced – like “complex” or “wicked” – suffer, however, by a lack of shared understanding. ![]() In response to these shortcomings, a new wave of approaches has emerged based on the idea that societal systems are irreducibly complex. Traditional scientific policy approaches and tools are increasingly seen as inadequate, or even counter-productive, for many purposes. ![]()
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